Forensic Medicine

 

Forensic  - derived from latin word forum

forum - where civil and criminal matter are decided - using science

Human Transplant act

Method of determining a death of person

1. Temperature
2. stiffness of body
3. several tools of examination
1. puple of the eye
2. pulse of the person

Methods

1. DNA
2. DRUG
3. SEROLOGY
4. DIGITIAL FORENSIC
5. Finger print

Discover to the criminal

DNA Evidence

1. Double Helix - Run in opposite direction
2. Base Pairs
1. Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
3. Sugar Phosphate backbone
4. 99.98% is similar , 0.01% is the difference 
1. 0.01%
1. Repeats are done short span - 16-25 -if there is a similarity then DNA is considered match
2. STR - Short Tandem Repeats 
3. Cell 
1. Nucleus
1. Chromosome - DNA material
2. Mitochondria
1. Mitochondria DNA
5. Match
1. 1-1 mapping
2. Exclusionary benefit
6. There are serious chances are degeneration of DNA samples
1. Recovery
2. Preservation of DNA 
3. DNA Extraction - how much is worthwhile of DNA
4. Copying / amplification of DNA - via Polymerize chain reaction
5. Data Interpretation
7. DNA is probabilistic NOT absolute match
1. Complex samples
2. There can be false Negatives 
3. if no proper sampling and repeats 
8. Report of DNA profiling
1. 45 IEA - who is expert evidence 
1. Everything should be read in court and made part of record
2. Judge has to question what is error rate, if the procedure is followed properly
2. 293 CrPC - Report is taken as source of truth
1. and the person is not even brought to give evidence
3. 291 CrPC - Scientific report and Doctors Report
4. Scientific Analysis can be wrong
1. Nature of sample
2. Statistical probability
5. The Scientist has to qualified
6. There has to be foundational Validity
7. whether the same result if repeated
8. whether the same result if someone else evaluates

Questions

1. What is methodology is DNA Profiling?
1. STR should be answer which is commonly used and Gold standard
2. XX, XY chromosomal analysis
1. List of suspected person 

Issue of Privacy?

1. once acquitted, the DNA collected can be totally effaced

Case Laws

1. Ravi Vs State of Maharastra - link
1. DNA of victim and perpetuator get mixed
2. Autosomal STR is not possible
3. Y-STR is the right mechanism.- will give best optimal results
2. Puttasway Vs UoI - 2019
1. Privacy of individual
3. Thomosu Bruno Vs State of UP - link
1. Digital evidence
2. Non CCTV, Sim details 
3. Prosecution cannot succeed 
4. Pandit rao Vs Kailesh - link
1. 65B IEA - production of Electronic Evidence
5. Mukesh Vs State of Delhi - link
6. Sakshi Vs UoI - link
1. Penetration is not necessary for rape

Source

1. Report to the President : Forensic Science in Criminal Courts : Ensuring Scientific validity of Feature - Comparison Method - USA - link
2. Forensic DNA Analyze - A primer for courts - Royal Society - link