Endangered Communities

 

Endangered Communities

1. Karbong - Tripura

Legal Provision

1. Karbong 
1. Tripura HC - suo motu cognizance of a news report highlighting the plight of karbong  community - on verge of extinction on account of poor socio-economic conditions
1. Directed - Advocate general of state as well as assistant solicitor general of UoI - to make assessment of area and needs of the community - report by 9th of November 2021
2. ONGC - CSR  initiative activities in Karbong community - file affidavit
2. History & Details
1. Sub-tribe of Halam community in Tripura, once guest of rulers of erstwhile kingdom
1. Sub tribe inspite of having a language distinctly different from all other tribes - Indian census does not count them separately.
2. UNESCO classification of languages - language spoken less than 10k people is considered potentially endangered.
2. 250 - odd people - West Tripura and dhalai district
3. Harihar Debnath - an expert on the sub-tribe
4. Autonomous district council -1989 - started primary school which started to function in 1993
5. Population is reduced - inter tribal marriage, poverty & lack of proper education.
6. They profess - Hinduism

UPSC

 

Case Law

1. Prakash Singh Vs Union of India
1. UPSC should, as far as possible, consider only those officers for such appointment who have two years of service left

Compensation

 

Examples

1. Women was mercilessly subjected to violent sexual abuse.

NDPS - Narcotics Drug Psychotropic Substance

 

Objective 

1. 
   

Challenges

1. Innovative methods used for Traffickers 

Techniques of transportation of Drugs

1. Droplet on the paper and once absorbed, it became one with the paper fibres
2. it was consumed as a whole with the carrier agent. 

Bail 

1. Bail rejected 
1. accused possessing commercial quantity of Drug - acted as catalyst to spoil the younger generation ( kerry Mendes Vs Union of India )
2. Arguments against Bail
1. Traffickers have least regard to health & life of person
2. Only with a view to their betterment 
3. Narcotic drug - root cause of many evils that are perpetrated by person under influence 
4. Impact over generations
5. Stringent measures to deal with trafficking of such substances and stringent punishment are also envisaged for any infraction.
6. Age of accused is immaterial when involved in patent from the record of serious offences.
7. Every possibility of misusing the liberty, pressurising the prosecution witness and absconding by frustrating objective of trail

Questions 

1. what is Commercial Quantity?
1. Rigors of Section 37 of NDPS apply 

CRED

 

CRED 

1. Founder : Kunal Shah 
2. Spoof on CRED

Features

1. Simple and clean way of consolidating all credit card bills
1. UPI based - few click payment
2. CRED Points
1. 1point for 1Re - cred card payment
3. CRED Loans - 14.5% ( 1.2 % per month ) 
4. CRED mint - park your liquid money and get 9% ( best effort ) powered by P2P lending 
1. Criticism
1. It looks like MLM ( Multi level Marketing ) 
2. Cheap Chit fund
2. Alternative P2P lending platforms
1. Lenden Club
5. Access to 2 Credit bureaus - 
1. Experian
2. Crif Score
6. CRED
1. Payment of monthly RENT
2. Education Loan

UTILITY

1. Not good ROI - your data ( Payment, purchase, type of cards, credit limits, Credit scores ) for simple, clean, reminding UI - Coins are crumbs on the table for successfully mining of financial data.
1. Alternatives 
1. Having standing instruction in the Bank account
2. Some bank accounts also provide points
3. Some apps like Amazon, Paytm provide payment and reminder options

Important

1. CRED knows your spending patterns
2. It gives some discounts 
3. Common issues
1. Accumulated CRED points accumulated 
1. use the to get CASH Back 
2. pay for O2 during Covid Crisis
3. Buy Raffel tickets - for Iphone or something like that
4. Not great offers till now 
5. Initially Swiggy , Zomato offers
2. 
   
4. DEACTIVATE CRED Account
1. in app customer support - deactivate 

Rules

1. Rule of Tender age 
1. Section 6 of HAMA 1956 - father is first natural guardian followed by mother, in case child below 5y, the custody shall ordinarily with mother
2. Rule of Lenity
1. Ambiguity must be decided in favour of the accused. - Principle of statutory construction 

CPC - Order IX Rule 13

 

Important Points

1. Defendant refused to accept summons issued in the suit.
2. After the suit was decreed ex-parte, execution proceedings were initiated.
3. Sub-Rule (5) of Order V Rule 9 of CPC - states inter alia that if defendant or his agent had refused to take delivery of the postal article containing the summons, the court issuing the summons shall declare that the summons had been duly served on the defendant.
4. Section 27 of General Clauses Act, 1897 gives rise to a presumption that service of notice has been effected when it is sent to the correct address by registered post.

Case Law

1. Alavi Haji Vs palapetty Muhammed AIR 2007 SC (Supp) 1705
1. if notice is sent by registered post and is returned with a postal endorsement "refused" or "not available in the house" or "house locked" or "shop closed" or "addressee not in-station" due service has to be presumed.
2. Jagdish Singh Vs natthu Singh 
3. state of MP Vs Hiralal
4. V Raja Kumari vs P.Subbaram Naidu